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Credit Card issuers refer to the leading six digits on the card as an "bank identification number (BIN)", or "issuer identification number (IIN)". The remaining numbers on the card are referred to as the primary account number (PAN).
Bank card numbers are allocated in accordance with ISO/IEC 7812. IINs and PANS have a certain level of internal structure and share a common numbering scheme.
The prefix or first digit of the issuer identification number is the MII (major industry identifier). The last digit is the checksum which must pass the Luhn algorithm check.
The Luhn algorithm, also known as the "mod 10" or "modulus 10" algorithm, is a simple checksum formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers.